第一代锂离子电池的初始成功可归功于正极材料LiCoO<sub>2</sub>的开创性发现。220世纪80年代发现的钴酸锂(LCO)材料展现出卓越的电化学性能和稳定性,由此揭示了一种极具重要性的锂离子嵌入化学机制[1]。鉴于这一突破性贡献,John B. Goodenough、M. Stanley Whittingham和吉野彰三位杰出研究者被授予2019年诺贝尔化学奖。然而,尽管取得初期成就,正极材料LCO仍面临两大核心挑战,这些障碍不仅制约基础研究进展,更阻碍了其在便携式电子设备之外的大规模应用。当前面临的关键挑战在于,由于LCO在高脱锂态下固有的结构不稳定性,其实际容量存在严重局限,亟需寻求有效解决方案[2]。为此,研究者尝试在晶格结构中引入替代金属离子作为钴的部分取代,这一创新策略推动了三元层状氧化物体系的发展,以最新材料LiNi为代表。1-x-y钴x锰y镍钴锰(NCM)与锂2镍钴1-x-y铝x(NCA)。与LCO相比,这些三元材料显著提升了工作容量和稳定性。此外,由于对钴资源依赖性的日益担忧,这些材料正获得更广泛的应用,这引发了关于供应链可持续性及与该关键资源相关的伦理挖矿实践的深刻问题[3]。过去十年间,钴价格从每公斤30美元急剧上涨至90美元[4]。这直接影响到了以含钴层状氧化物为正极的电池每瓦时成本。通过从材料中去除钴元素,即使保持相近的能量密度(图1),每瓦时成本仍可显著降低。电动汽车(EV)领域取得的实质性进展进一步突显了探索替代正极材料的紧迫性——这类材料需在保持锂离子电池(LIB)所需高性能电化学特性的同时,有效减少或完全消除对钴的依赖。由此催生出两类代表性材料:低钴体系与无钴体系。yO2 (NCA). These ternary materials offer significantly improved operating capacity and stability compared to LCO. Furthermore, the wider adoption of these materials is being motivated by growing concerns regarding the reliance on cobalt, which raises profound questions about the sustainability of the supply chain and ethical mining practices associated with this critical resource [3]. The price of cobalt increases dramatically from US$30 per kilogram to US$90 per kilogram in past decade [4]. This influences the cost per watt-hour of the battery with cobalt involved layered oxides as the cathode. With removing the cobalt from the material, the cost of per watt-hour can be dramatically decreased even with a similar specific energy density (Fig. 1). The substantial progress observed in the domain of electric vehicles (EVs) has further exacerbated the urgency to explore alternative cathode materials that effectively mitigate or eliminate the need for cobalt, while simultaneously preserving the high electrochemical performance expected from advanced in LIBs. This leads to two representative materials of Co-less and Co-free classes. 从这一视角出发,我们着重探讨钴本征特性的基础性认知,并重新审视无钴电极材料的开发机制,这类材料可分为低钴型与无钴型两类。针对层状氧化物中低钴及无钴体系决定整体电化学性能的基础要素,我们将从物理化学结构层面进行专门论述。基于这些认知,我们将提出面向下一代锂离子电池的高能量密度、高稳定性层状氧化物正极材料的基础设计原则。相信这一视角将为钴元素在相关领域的合理配置与应用提供新的思考方向。