富镍正极材料在锂离子电池中展现出优异的能量密度,但其热稳定性和结构稳定性仍是关键挑战。尤其在高温条件下,加剧的电解质副反应会生成大量HF,腐蚀电极界面相并导致电池性能衰退。本研究引入含不饱和键和Si-O键的双功能添加剂二苯基乙烯基乙氧基硅烷(DPVS)以构建高性能电解质体系,从而显著提升LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1高温条件下(NCM811)/石墨锂离子电池的性能表现。在25°C环境下,采用含DPVS电解液的电池经过1200次循环后容量保持率达92%,而空白电解液组仅为77%。当温度升至45°C时,DPVS显著提升了循环稳定性,使容量保持率降至80%所需的循环次数从310次延长至550次。这种改善源于其双重作用机制:不饱和键优先通过聚合反应被氧化形成致密薄层界面相,同时Si-O键可有效清除HF。二者的协同作用有效抑制了电解质分解、HF对界面相的侵蚀以及NCM811材料的结构劣化。本研究不仅开发出能提升NCM811/石墨锂离子电池长循环性能的功能型电解液,更为功能电解液的设计提供了新的理论依据。2 (NCM811)/graphite LIBs at elevated temperatures. At 25 °C, after 1200 cycles, the capacity retention of batteries using DPVS-containing electrolyte reached 92%, whereas that of batteries using blank electrolyte was only 77%. At 45 °C, DPVS significantly improves the cycling stability, with the cycle numbers to reach 80% capacity retention increasing from 310 to 550. The improvement is attributed to its dual functions; the unsaturated bonds are preferentially oxidized to form a thin and dense interphase through polymerization reactions, while the Si–O bond effectively scavenges HF. Together, they suppress electrolyte decomposition, HF attack on interphases, and structural degradation of NCM811 materials. This work not only develops a functional electrolyte that enhances the long-term cycling performance of NCM811/graphite LIBs but also provides new insights into the design of functional electrolytes.
富镍三元层状正极材料LiNixCoyMn1−x−y(NCM,0.5 <2<1) 因其卓越的能量密度特性,在动力和储能电池领域展现出良好的发展前景[1][2][3]。然而,其结构不稳定性和较低的热稳定性仍是亟待解决的关键挑战[4]-[10]。此外,有机电解质在循环过程中易在电极表面发生分解[11],且NCM材料中的过渡金属离子(TMs)容易溶解,导致材料结构坍塌[12]。随着温度升高,电解质副反应愈加显著,导致生成气体不断积累,造成严重安全隐患[13]-[15]。与此同时,LiPF<sub>6</sub>的水解速率这一过程会加速氢氟酸(HF)的生成,进而侵蚀NCM正极表面的界面相,并进一步促进NCM正极中过渡金属(TMs)的溶解[16]-[20]。为解决这些问题,在已研究的各种方法中,引入功能性电解液添加剂已成为一种经济可行的策略[21]-[23]。该策略能调控电极-电解液界面相,构建稳定的正极电解液界面相(CEI),从而提升电池的稳定性与电化学性能[24][25]。然而,开发此类含功能添加剂的电解液体系,仍是有效解决这些问题的关键挑战。 < 1) exhibit promising development prospects in power and energy storage batteries due to their superior energy density characteristics [1], [2], [3]. However, their structural instability and low thermal stability still pose critical challenges and need to be resolved [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. Furthermore, organic electrolytes are prone to decomposition at the electrode surface during cycling [11], and the transition metal ions (TMs) within the NCM materials are susceptible to dissolution, leading to structural collapse of the materials [12]. As temperature rises, electrolyte side reactions become more prominent, resulting in an accumulation of generated gas, which poses significant safety hazards [13], [14], [15]. Concurrently, the hydrolysis rate of LiPF6 accelerates, leading to the generation of HF, which degrades the interphase at the NCM cathode surface and further facilitates the dissolution of TMs within the NCM cathode [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]. To address these challenges, the introduction of functional electrolyte additives has emerged as an economically viable strategy among the approaches investigated [21], [22], [23]. This approach can regulate the electrode-electrolyte interphase, construct a stable cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), and enhance stability and electrochemical performance of battery [24], [25]. Nonetheless, the development of such functional additive-containing electrolytes remains the critical challenge for effective resolution of these issues. 通过选择合适的功能性添加剂,可以实现对电解质性能的定向改善,从而显著提升电池的性能特征,如循环稳定性和安全性能。成膜添加剂能够在电极表面优先于电解质发生氧化反应,构建保护性CEI膜。这抑制了电解质分解反应,增强了界面稳定性,有效保持了富镍正极材料的结构完整性,同时提升整体电池性能[26][27]。然而,尽管添加剂能形成稳固的CEI膜,但LiPF6分解产生的HF仍会持续攻击电极材料表面,导致过渡金属溶出和晶体结构坍塌。6水解作用会损害CEI层的完整性[28],进而导致NCM材料降解并引发过渡金属(TMs)的溶解[29]。尤其在高温条件下,HF的加速生成会进一步加剧过渡金属的溶解[30]。因此,选用能够清除HF的成膜添加剂成为解决该问题的关键策略。研究表明,带有特定官能团的添加剂能有效消除HF,例如硅氧烷(Si-O)、硅氮烷(Si-N)、异氰酸酯(N=C=O)和膦酸酯(P(OR))等。2R) [29], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37]。值得注意的是,某些硅氧烷作为电解质添加剂具有双重能力。首先,它们优先在电极表面形成保护性界面膜,抑制界面电解质的分解,从而提高电池稳定性。其次,其独特的Si-O基团能有效清除HF,从而强化CEI的稳定性,同时抑制电解质副反应[29], [34], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43]。此外,当硅氧烷引入不饱和基团时,其反应活性显著增强。不饱和键易于发生聚合反应,形成致密聚合的CEI[33], [42]。该CEI能有效抑制电解质在正极上的副反应及后续TMs的溶解。而且,不饱和程度越高,其形成稳定CEI结构的性能越优异[33]。 基于前期研究基础,本工作引入二苯基乙烯基乙氧基硅烷(DPVS)作为功能性电解液添加剂。该添加剂能有效缓解NCM811正极的结构与热不稳定性问题,显著提升软包NCM811/石墨电池在常温和高温条件下的循环性能。DPVS添加剂优先发生氧化反应,形成化学性质稳定的CEI膜。该CEI膜能有效抑制电解液分解及副反应。值得注意的是,该CEI膜在高温条件下仍保持稳定,为NCM811正极提供持续的界面保护。此外,DPVS分子中的Si-O基团可消除电解液中具有腐蚀性的HF。这一动作显著提升了界面稳定性,有效维持了NCM材料的结构完整性。